The Pressures Of White Expansionism Led The United States Government T

The pressures of white expansionism led the United States Government to find ways to remove the Native Americans from their fertile lands. Spurred by this pressure, and the need to fulfill his campaign promise to open Indian land for settlement, Andrew Jackson pushed through Congress the Removal Act. The Act allowed the government to negotiate treaties with the various Native American tribes, pay them for their lands, relocate them to western lands, and support the tribes for one year after removal. President Jackson, more than anyone else, was responsible for the fate of the five civilized tribes of the southeast. When the state of Georgia annexed the Cherokee Nation's land within Georgia territory against all treaties the Federal Government had with the Cherokee Nation, Jackson support it, even going as far as to ignore the Supreme Court when it ruled the Georgia annexation unconstitutional and the Cherokee Nation as an Independent Domestic Nation. In another era Jackson's actions would have been deemed treasonousand a total abuse of executive power but in the 1830's, the growing population, the need to expand to accomodate this growth and perhaps Congress' reluctance to submit the country to constitutional debate of power led to the removal of the indians.Indian Reaction The leaders of the Cherokee Nation and other tribes knew that fighting the white settlers would gibe the national and state governments an excuse to send in troops and take away land.The Cherokee nation responded with diplomacy. Several chief went to Washington to plead their case, pointing out the legal treaties between the Cherokee Nation and the United States gauranteeing them their land. The removal issue was hotly debated in Congress. Support forth tribes by Henry Clay, Davy Crockett, Daniel Webster and other prominent statesmen feel on deaf ears. The issue was also being fought in the legal system. In Worcester vs.Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the laws of Georgia were invalid in Cherokeeland and that The Cherokee land belongs to the Cherokee. The ruling was not enforced by the Executive branch with President Jackson refusing to do so. Dishearten and divided the Cherokee Nation broke into two factions, for removal or against. John Ross, Cherokee Nation chief, led the larger group against removal while MajorRidge led the smaller group for removal. Major Ridge and his faction sighneda treaty with the United States Government for five million dollars. The government was fullyaware that ridge didn't represent the majority of the Cherokee Nation, but they validated the treaty anyway. With this, the fate of the tribe was sealed. Several of the other civilized tribes were removed ahead of the Cherokees. The Choctaws removal was tragic. The journey west was badly planned and badly carried out. An enormous number of Indians died in their removal. The Cherokee's removal was just as trajicculminating in the death of over four thousand Cherokees in what has come to be known as the trail of tears. Reasons for such a tragic outcome are numerous. Contaminated food and water supplied by government contractors accounted for a large portion of the deathtoll. The government and the contractors were, as always, motivated by economic variables. The cost of the removal was first and foremost on their agenda. Fatigue, poor logistical planning, to outright negligence are also contributing factors. The United States removed the first few thousand Cherokees by boat, but that proved to be so tragic that John Ross convinced the government to allow the tribe to manage the removal themselves and to allow them to make the journey acrossland. This proved not to be the answer as thousands more died of starvation,illness, and the elements as the US Army marched them across the western frontier. The Seminoles fought their removal from their lands by warring with The United States,but to no avail. The Seminoles were the only one of the five civilized tribes to resist American culture. They were fiercely independent. At the outset of the indian removal, the Seminoles split into factions, just like the Cherokees, opposing and favoring removal. They fought against each other and against their evictors, the US Army. Jackson's insistence that the Seminoles live under Creek rule in the west provoked the resistance amoung the Seminoles. Jackson's resistance in allowing the Seminoles to live independently out west precipitated hostilities which led to the Second Seminal War. The Seminoles held their own against the US. Army, mainly due to the fact that they used guerrilla tactics. Even after the majority of the tribe was captured, few were allowed to stay in order

Water In Barium Chloride Dihydiate Essays - Laboratory Equipment

Water In Barium Chloride Dihydiate Essays - Laboratory Equipment Water in Barium Chloride Dihydiate Introduction In this experiment we are trying to find the percentage of water in Barium Chloride Dihydiate. During the experiment you must pay close attention to everything done. We are going to try to stay below a 8 percent error. When timing, make sure you only have the crucible over the bunson burner for 10 minutes, no more, no less. Be aware of how dangerous this chemical can be, so please be careful. Located below is a list of all the materials you will need to complete this experiment. Please make sure you and you lab partner(s) know how to use this equipment. Equipment / Materials Goggles Bunson Burner Ring Stand Iron Ring Iron Triangle Iron Square Computer Computer Program Scale Chemical (BACL2) Scoop Crucible/Crucible cover Crucible Tongs Matches Safety You must pay close attention to everything at all times. Ladies with their hair not tied back should do so do to the fact that their hair could catch fire while using the bunson burner. Before you start the experiment, take notice to where all the safety equipment is. You must know where the fire extinguisher is, emergency shower/eye wash, and the call for help button. Make sure you are wearing your goggles while doing this lab. When washing out the crucible do not turn the water pressure up all the way because the water could splash back into your face. If an emergency does occur, please remain clam and think rationally. Procedure This experiment can be very exciting if you know what you are doing. Before I started the experiment, I set up my lab. I put together my Ring stand and attached the bunson burner up to the gas valve. Before I light the flame, I asked my partner to turn the two gas valves on while I light the flame with a match. Now that my flame was light, I adjusted the air flowing into the flame. Now I was ready to start with the experiment. When handling the crucible do not touch it with your hands, only use the crucible tongs. My partner cleared the scale and I weighed the crucible with its lid, and it came to 17.09. I removed the crucible and added the BACL2.2H2O. Placed the crucible and lid back on the scale and got the weight of 18.33. Now it was time to place the crucible over the bunson burner. I carefully placed the lid on the crucible and carry the crucible over to the bunson burner and placed it on the iron triangle and. And placed the crucible directly over the flame and set a timer to 10 minutes. While I was waiting for the experiment to finish, my partner decided that she wanted to start another experiment. So we prepared the scale and crucible and re-weighed everything. By the time we had finished, the alarm sounded and we quickly took the crucible off the flame. We left the crucible cool for another 10 minutes and then re-weight it and it came to 18.15. Christy started to put all the weights in the computer and to our big surprise we got a 0.23 experimental error and a 1.59 percent error. We were so glad that the experiment went to well that we let it get to our head. We thought we would do even better on our next experiments, but we were wrong. Our percentages started to raise and we realized that we were not doing something right. We noticed that we were not watching the clock and completely messed up the experiment. Percent of water in Barium Chloride Dihydrate Experiment Mass of Crucible and Cover17.09 Mass of Crucible, Cover and BACL2.2H2O 18.33 Mass of Crystallized BACL2.2H2O 1.24 Mass of Crucible and Cover 17.09 Mass of Crucible, Cover and Anhydrous BACL2 18.15 Mass of Anhydrous BACL2- 1.06 Mass of Crucible, Cover and BACL2.2H2O- 18.33 Mass of Crucible, cover and Anhydrous BACL2- 18.15 Mass of water lost by heating-.18 Percent water in Crystallized BACL2.2H2O-14.52 Theoretical Percent of H2O in BACL2.2H2O14.75 Mass of Crystallized BACL2.2H2O-1.24 Mass of Anhydrous BACL2 1.06 Mass of water lost by heating.18 Experimental Error-.23 Percent Error1.59 Error Most of my error was caused by the fact of the flame not staying still in one spot. The ventilator on the ceiling was blowing air down onto the flame and caused the flame to flicker. Conclusion This experiment was very interesting and informative. We learned the value of paying attention to what we are doing and to not let our mines wonder.